Where does display collide?

A stereotyped, often ritualised behaviour that an animal performs to send a signal to others, such as a courtship posture, a threat pose, or a greeting movement. Huxley's 1914 study of the great crested grebe, The Courtship-Habits of the Great Crested Grebe, named these ritualised acts a display and linked them to sexual selection, and Tinbergen's 1952 "Derived" Activities traced how such displays evolve from ordinary movements that become exaggerated and fixed as signals. The referent here is an evolved communicative act of a living animal, watched and timed in the field, not a learned rule for hiding a feeling or a graphic drawn to present numbers.[1][2]

Unit

One performed signalling act by an animal, described by its form, frequency, and context

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Recorded by field observation and ethograms that log the form, duration, and sequence of the act

A learned social norm that tells a person when and how much of a felt emotion to show on the face, whether to amplify it, reduce it, mask it, or replace it with another expression. Ekman and Friesen's 1969 The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior set out these display rules as culturally taught conventions that manage the outward expression of affect, which is why people in different cultures can feel the same emotion yet show it differently in company. The referent is a norm in a person's mind about controlling expression, studied by experiment and self-report, not an animal's inborn signalling act or a graphic that presents data.[3]

Unit

One culturally learned rule governing how much emotion to show

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Studied through controlled expression experiments, coding of facial behaviour, and self-report of felt versus shown emotion