Where does occupation collide?

The effective control of foreign territory by a hostile army that has displaced the ordinary government but has not annexed the land: the occupying force holds authority in fact, without gaining sovereignty over the area. The Lieber Code of 1863, the field instructions drafted by Francis Lieber for the United States army, first codified the duties and limits of an army governing enemy territory, and the Hague Regulations of 1907 fixed the standard definition in Article 42, that territory is occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army. The referent is a legal and factual condition of governed land held under military control, not a count of particles in a quantum state or a person's job as a marker of social rank.[1][2]

Unit

One territory under hostile military control, held without transfer of sovereignty

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Assessed by whether an army exercises effective authority over territory, under the Article 42 test and later treaty and case law

The occupation number is the count of identical particles that share one quantum state: in a quantum gas each allowed state can hold some number of particles, and the full set of these counts describes the system. Bose's 1924 Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese derived Planck's radiation law by counting how photons occupy states, founding the statistics that give the average occupancy of each state, and Fermi (1926) and Dirac (1926) gave the complementary rule for particles that allow at most one per state. The referent is a number attached to a quantum state, set by temperature and by the particles' statistics, and it has nothing to do with an army holding territory or a person's job as a marker of social rank.[3][4][5]

Unit

A count of particles occupying a single quantum state

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Inferred from the Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac distribution and observed through spectra, heat capacity, and particle-counting experiments

A person's occupation treated as the main marker of their standing in society, so that jobs can be ranked by the prestige and resources attached to them. Counts's 1925 The Social Status of Occupations first measured how people rank occupations by esteem, opening the study of occupational prestige, and Duncan's 1961 socioeconomic index scored occupations from the education and income of their holders to give a widely used scale of occupational standing. The referent is a graded social position carried by a line of work, measured across people and jobs, not a count of particles in a quantum state or an army's control of territory.[6][7]

Unit

One occupation's rank on a prestige or socioeconomic scale

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Measured by survey ratings of occupational prestige or by indices built from the education and income of jobholders