Construct · 2 fields · 2 citations
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In linguistic pragmatics, an apology is a speech act whose point is to express the speaker's regret or acknowledgement of fault for a past act that affected the hearer. Searle's Speech Acts sets out the illocutionary-act framework in which apologizing counts as an act that expresses a psychological state rather than describing the world. The referent is the everyday act of saying sorry, an admission that something went wrong, which is the ordinary meaning of the word in modern English.[1]
In rhetoric, an apologia is a formal speech or writing in self-defense, a justification of one's conduct or beliefs rather than an admission of fault, the meaning carried by Plato's Apology of Socrates and by Newman's Apologia Pro Vita Sua. Ware and Linkugel's They spoke in defense of themselves analyses the recurring strategies, such as denial, bolstering, differentiation, and transcendence, by which speakers answer attacks on their character. The referent is a defensive genre of discourse, close to the opposite of saying sorry, which is what makes the shared modern word "apology" a genuine trap.[2]
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