Construct · 3 fields · 6 citations

Where does burden collide?

One name. Different field. Different construct. One map.

● jingle · one word, three constructs Nearest construct by meaningpersuasioncompare the meanings
How to read this

Every construct on the map is compared with every other by the meaning of its definitions, and the closest one is surfaced here. The nearest construct to burden is persuasion.

Hold this as a prompt, not a verdict. Two constructs sitting close in meaning is a reason to read them side by side and decide for yourself whether they are one idea under two names. It is not proof that they are. Compare the meanings in the Collider.

burden3 CONSTRUCTSBurden of proofTHAYER · BURDEN OF PROOFExcess burdenJOSEPH · EXCESS BURDENBurden of diseaseMURRAY · DISEASE BURDEN

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1898Burden of proof1939Excess burden1994Burden of disease
2026

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Law and evidence

The duty to prove a disputed claim

In law, the burden is the duty resting on a party to prove a disputed fact to the court. Thayer's 1898 A Preliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Common Law separated two things the one word had blurred: the burden of producing enough evidence to raise an issue, and the burden of persuading the fact-finder that the claim is true, an idea that traces back to the Roman onus probandi (the obligation to prove). The referent here is a procedural obligation carried by a litigant and discharged by meeting a standard of proof, not the welfare cost of a tax or a population's load of illness.[1]

Unit
One party's obligation to establish a fact to a set standard of persuasion
Recovery means
Not applicable
Measured by
Assessed by whether the required standard is met, such as preponderance of the evidence or beyond reasonable doubt

Public economics

Welfare lost to a tax beyond the revenue it raises

In public economics, the excess burden of a tax is the loss of economic welfare it causes beyond the revenue it collects, because the tax changes what people buy and sell. Joseph's 1939 The excess burden of indirect taxation gave the term its modern form, and Harberger's 1964 The measurement of waste showed how to estimate this deadweight loss (welfare that no one captures) from how strongly demand and supply respond to price, an area now known as the Harberger triangle. The referent is a money measure of wasted welfare attached to a policy, not a litigant's duty to prove a fact or a count of sickness in a population.[2][3]

Unit
The money value of welfare lost above the revenue a tax collects
Recovery means
Not applicable
Measured by
Estimated from the responsiveness of demand and supply, classically as the area of the Harberger triangle

Public health and epidemiology

Total health loss from a cause in a population

In public health, the burden of disease is the total amount of ill health in a population from a given cause, combining early death with time lived in poor health. Murray's 1994 Quantifying the burden of disease introduced the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), one lost year of healthy life, as the common unit, and Murray and Lopez's 1996 The Global Burden of Disease applied it to compare causes and regions worldwide. The referent is a measured quantity of population health loss, not a party's duty of proof in court or the welfare cost of a tax.[4][5][6]

Unit
Health loss in a population, scaled in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
Recovery means
Not applicable
Measured by
Summed from years of life lost to early death and years lived with disability, by cause and region

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Nearby collisions

cost4 fields · 4 citationsjingle · one word, four constructswelfare4 fields · 4 citationsjingle · one word, four constructsliability2 fields · 2 citationsjingle · one word, two constructs

References

  1. Thayer, J. B. (1898). A Preliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Common Law. Little, Brown and Company.
  2. Joseph, M. F. W. (1939). The excess burden of indirect taxation. The Review of Economic Studies, 6(3), 226–231. https://doi.org/10.2307/2967649
  3. Harberger, A. C. (1964). The measurement of waste. The American Economic Review, 54(3), 58–76.
  4. Murray, C. J. L. (1994). Quantifying the burden of disease: The technical basis for disability-adjusted life years. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 72(3), 429–445.
  5. Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (Eds.). (1996). The Global Burden of Disease. Harvard School of Public Health, World Health Organization, and World Bank.
  6. Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (1997). Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet, 349(9064), 1498–1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2

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