Construct · 3 fields · 3 citations
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In research methodology, manipulation is the deliberate, controlled variation of an independent variable by an experimenter, so that its causal effect on an outcome can be isolated from mere correlation. Campbell and Stanley's 1963 Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research codified how such manipulation, combined with control and randomisation, secures the internal validity that lets a study claim a cause. The referent is the experimenter's intentional setting of a variable to different levels across conditions, checked by a manipulation check confirming the intended variable actually moved. It is a tool of causal inference, unrelated to exploiting another person or to a robot handling objects.[1]
In personality and social psychology, manipulation is the use of deceptive, exploitative tactics to influence others for one's own ends, treating people as means rather than partners. Christie and Geis's 1970 Studies in Machiavellianism built the Mach scale to measure individual differences in this manipulative orientation, launching decades of research on who manipulates, how, and with what success. The referent is a trait-like tendency to influence others through guile and instrumental deceit, measured by self-report scales and behaviour in bargaining games. It is a feature of interpersonal conduct, not an experimenter's control of a variable or the physical handling of objects by a machine.[2]
In robotics, manipulation is the physical act of a machine grasping, moving, and reorienting objects in the world through contact, the mechanics of how a gripper or hand controls an object it touches. Mason's 2001 Mechanics of Robotic Manipulation laid out the theory of the forces, friction, and contact configurations that govern whether a robot can hold and move a part reliably. The referent is the controlled physical handling of objects by an artificial end-effector, analysed through the mechanics of contact and grasp. It shares only the word with an experimenter's control of a variable or a person's exploitation of others.[3]
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