Where does parallelism collide?

In rhetoric and linguistics, parallelism is the deliberate repetition of grammatical structure across successive phrases, clauses, or lines, so that matched forms carry matched or contrasted meanings. It organises verse in many poetic traditions and gives prose its cadence and emphasis. Jakobson's 1966 Grammatical parallelism and its Russian facet treated such recurrent correspondence as a structural principle of poetic language. The referent is a patterned correspondence of linguistic form, unrelated to lineages evolving alike or processors computing at once.[1]

Unit

The degree of matched grammatical structure across paired units of text

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Identified by correspondence of syntactic and prosodic structure across paired lines or clauses

In computing, parallelism is the simultaneous execution of multiple operations or instruction streams to finish a computation faster than a single sequential processor could. It is classified by how instructions and data are replicated across processing units, and it is bounded by the fraction of work that must stay serial. Flynn's 1972 Some computer organizations and their effectiveness gave the taxonomy of single and multiple instruction and data streams that still frames the field. The referent is concurrency in machine computation, sharing only the word with grammatical repetition or parallel evolution.[2]

Unit

The number of operations carried out simultaneously, and the resulting speed-up

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Quantified by speed-up and efficiency versus processor count, against the serial fraction set by Amdahl's law

In evolutionary biology, parallelism (parallel evolution) is the independent evolution of similar traits in related lineages that began from the same ancestral condition, often by changes at the same genes. It is set against convergence, where similar traits arise from different ancestral starting points. Arendt and Reznick's 2008 Convergence and parallelism reconsidered argued that genetic evidence blurs the old distinction. The referent is repeated similar evolution along related lineages, not repeated grammatical form or concurrent computation.[3]

Unit

The degree to which related lineages evolve the same trait independently

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Assessed by phylogenetic mapping of traits and by whether the same genes or pathways underlie repeated change