Construct · 4 fields · 4 citations

Where does complex collide?

One name. Different field. Different construct. One map.

● jingle · one word, four constructs Nearest construct by meaningcoordinationcompare the meanings
How to read this

Every construct on the map is compared with every other by the meaning of its definitions, and the closest one is surfaced here. The nearest construct to complex is coordination.

Hold this as a prompt, not a verdict. Two constructs sitting close in meaning is a reason to read them side by side and decide for yourself whether they are one idea under two names. It is not proof that they are. Compare the meanings in the Collider.

complex4 CONSTRUCTSJungian complexJUNG · CHARGED CLUSTERCoordination complexWERNER · METAL + LIGANDSComplex numberNAHIN · a + biSpecies complexBICKFORD · CRYPTIC SPECIES

Spokes are fields; dashed arcs are shared lineage. Tap a field for its definition, unit, and measures.

2026

Drag to watch the word get claimed. Each field appears at the publication date of the earliest source cited for it. Tap a year to see which.

Psychology

a group of memories, ideas and impulses gathered around a common emotional theme that act together, often outside awareness.

A group of memories, ideas, and impulses that gather around a common emotional theme and act together, often outside a person's full awareness, so that touching the theme can trigger the whole group at once. Jung's 1910 The Association Method traced these groupings through delays and disturbances in word-association tests and called them feeling-toned complexes, and later popular terms like the inferiority complex kept the same idea of a charged mental cluster. The referent here is a pattern inside one person's mind, felt and partly hidden, and it is not a metal bonded to surrounding molecules, a number with a real and an imaginary part, or a set of look-alike species.[1]

Unit
One emotionally charged cluster of ideas centred on a theme in a person's mind
Recovery means
A complex can be made conscious and worked through, loosening its automatic grip
Measured by
Inferred from delays, errors, and emotional disturbances in word-association tests and from clinical interview

Chemistry

A metal bonded to ligands

A structure in which a central metal atom or ion is surrounded by, and bonded to, a set of molecules or ions called ligands, which donate electron pairs to the metal to form the arrangement. Werner's 1893 Beitrag zur Konstitution anorganischer Verbindungen proposed that a metal centre holds a fixed number of such neighbours in a definite geometry, founding coordination chemistry and its account of colour, shape, and reactivity. The referent is a real chemical unit built around a metal, counted by its ligands and geometry, and it has nothing to do with a cluster of charged ideas, a number with an imaginary part, or a group of near-identical organisms.[2]

Unit
One central metal atom or ion with its bonded set of ligands in a fixed geometry
Recovery means
Not applicable
Measured by
Determined by X-ray crystallography, spectroscopy, and reactions that reveal coordination number and geometry

Mathematics

A number a + bi

A number written as a plus b times i, joining an ordinary real part to an imaginary part, where i is a quantity whose square is minus one. Nahin's 2010 history An Imaginary Tale: The Story of the square root of minus one follows how such numbers moved from a suspicious trick to a settled foundation, pictured as points on the complex plane with one axis real and one imaginary. The referent is a formal object obeying exact rules of arithmetic, located by two coordinates, and it is unrelated to a hidden emotional cluster, a metal ringed by ligands, or a tangle of look-alike species.[3]

Unit
One number a + bi, fixed by its real part a and imaginary part b
Recovery means
Not applicable
Measured by
Given exactly by its two coordinates, or by its distance and angle on the complex plane

Biology and ecology

A group of near-identical species

A group of closely related species so alike in appearance that the boundaries between them are hard to draw, so that what looks like one kind of organism can turn out to be several. Bickford and colleagues' 2007 Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation showed how genetic and other evidence keeps splitting such look-alike groups into separate species, which biologists then label a species complex. The referent is a set of real organisms whose divisions are blurred, counted by lineages and reproductive limits, and it is not a cluster of charged ideas, a metal bonded to ligands, or a number with an imaginary part.[4]

Unit
One group of closely related, hard-to-separate species treated together
Recovery means
Not applicable
Measured by
Delimited by genetic markers, breeding tests, and fine morphological and ecological differences

Next

Run it through the Collider, or take the citations with you.

See how complex sits against neighbouring constructs in the Collider, or export every reference on this page in one click.

Open in ColliderExport BibTeXReport this collision

Nearby collisions

complexity4 fields · 7 citationsjingle · one word, four constructscluster4 fields · 4 citationsjingle · one word, four constructscompound3 fields · 3 citationsjingle · one word, three constructs

References

  1. Jung, C. G. (1910). The association method. The American Journal of Psychology, 21(2), 219–269. https://doi.org/10.2307/1413002
  2. Werner, A. (1893). Beitrag zur Konstitution anorganischer Verbindungen. Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie, 3(1), 267–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.18930030136
  3. Nahin, P. J. (2010). An imaginary tale: The story of the square root of minus one. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400833894
  4. Bickford, D., Lohman, D. J., Sodhi, N. S., Ng, P. K. L., Meier, R., Winker, K., Ingram, K. K., & Das, I. (2007). Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22(3), 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.004

Cited on this page?

Confirm your construct, or correct us.

If your work is cited behind one of these entries, you know better than we do whether we captured the meaning right. Confirm it, suggest an edit, or dispute it, and your name goes on the entry as an author who has checked it, linked to your ORCID.

Claim your construct