Where does school collide?

In art history a school is a group of artists tied together by a shared style, common training, or place of work, such as the Florentine or Venetian schools of painting. Luigi Lanzi's 1795 Storia pittorica della Italia organized Italian painting into regional schools, giving the classification the systematic form still used to attribute and date works, and the same meaning carries over to a school of thought in philosophy or a school of economics. Here the referent is a lineage of shared practice among people, an attributional category rather than a place with pupils or a group of fish.[1]

Unit

One named grouping of artists linked by style, teacher, or place

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Established by connoisseurship, provenance, and stylistic comparison of attributed works

In ethology a school is a group of fish that swim together in a polarized, coordinated way, keeping roughly common spacing, speed, and heading. Albert Parr's 1927 theoretical analysis of schooling proposed that each fish holds position by balancing attraction and repulsion toward its neighbors, and Charles Breder's 1954 equations and Evelyn Shaw's 1962 studies made the behavior measurable and reproducible. This school descends from a Germanic word for a troop or crowd, unrelated to the Greek word for leisure and learning behind the other meanings, so it names a moving animal aggregation, not a group of artists or a teaching organization.[2][3][4]

Unit

One polarized aggregation of fish swimming as a unit

Recovery means

A disturbed school regroups as members re-establish spacing and common heading

Measured by

Quantified by group polarization, nearest-neighbor distance, and speed from tracked video