Construct · 3 fields · 7 citations
One name. Different field. Different construct. One map.
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The network of feeding relationships in a living community, showing which organisms eat which and how energy and matter pass from one to another. Camerano's 1880 Dell'equilibrio dei viventi merce la reciproca distruzione drew what is regarded as the first diagram of these interlocking feeding links, and Lindeman's 1942 The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology put the structure on a quantitative footing by tracking energy through feeding levels. Charles Elton's 1927 Animal Ecology established the underlying idea, though he called it a food cycle rather than a food web. The referent is a map of biological consumption in an ecosystem, counted in species links and energy flow, not a system of linked documents, a pattern of overlapping social groups, or a structure of connected beliefs.[1][2][3]
The pattern formed by the many social circles a person belongs to at once, so that each individual sits where several groups overlap and no two people share exactly the same combination. Simmel's 1908 Soziologie, in the chapter Die Kreuzung sozialer Kreise (the crossing of social circles), set out how modern individuality arises from belonging to numerous distinct groups, and Bendix's 1955 English translation gave the chapter the title The Web of Group-Affiliations, which fixed the word web to this idea. The referent is the structure of a person's overlapping affiliations, described by which circles cross and how, not a diagram of feeding among species, a system of linked documents, or a body of connected beliefs.[4][5]
The whole body of a person's beliefs pictured as an interconnected structure, where beliefs near the edge answer directly to experience and those at the center are held more firmly because so much else depends on them. Quine's 1951 Two Dogmas of Empiricism argued that beliefs face experience not one at a time but as a connected fabric, and Quine and Ullian's 1970 book The Web of Belief named this structure and worked out how evidence ripples through it. The referent is the logical fabric of what one holds true, revised as a whole, not a network of feeding species, a system of linked pages, or a person's overlapping group memberships.[6][7]
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