Construct · 1 fields · 3 citations
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Rudolf E. Kalman's 1960 paper A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems introduced a recursive algorithm that estimates the hidden state of a linear dynamic system from a stream of noisy measurements, updating its estimate each time a new measurement arrives rather than reprocessing the whole history. The procedure alternates two steps: a prediction that carries the state and its uncertainty forward through a model of the system, and a correction that blends the incoming measurement into the prediction by weighting each source according to its estimated error, a weight known as the Kalman gain. Kalman and Bucy's 1961 companion paper New results in linear filtering and prediction theory extended the same result to continuous time and established its duality with the optimal-control problem, and the method was soon adopted for spacecraft navigation, beginning with the Apollo program. What makes the Kalman filter a landmark is that, for a linear system driven by Gaussian noise, it is the optimal least-squares estimator of the state, and it produces that estimate online with fixed memory and cost, which is why it underlies navigation, target tracking, and signal estimation across engineering.[1][2][3]
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