Construct · 2 fields · 2 citations
One name. Different field. Different construct. One map.
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A portion of matter made of two or more substances that are physically combined but not chemically bonded, so each keeps its own properties and the components can be separated again by physical means such as filtering, evaporation, or distillation. A mixture may be homogeneous, with a uniform composition throughout like salt dissolved in water, or heterogeneous, with visibly distinct regions like sand in water, and it stands in contrast to a compound, whose elements are bonded in fixed proportions and cannot be separated physically. The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, the Gold Book, fixes this meaning as a portion of matter consisting of more than one substance in variable proportion. The referent is unbonded physical matter, weighed by the proportions of its parts, not a weighted sum of probability curves, a bottle of liquid medicine, or a rank of organ pipes.[1]
A probability distribution written as a weighted sum of two or more component distributions, used to model data that arise from several hidden subpopulations blended together in unknown proportions. Each component carries its own parameters and a mixing weight, and fitting the model recovers both the weights and the component parameters, as in a Gaussian mixture where the components are normal curves. Pearson's 1894 Contributions to the mathematical theory of evolution introduced the idea, splitting a skewed set of crab measurements into two overlapping normal distributions by the method of moments. The referent is a mathematical object, a blend of probability curves estimated from data, not a physical blend of unbonded substances, a liquid medicine, or a stop on an organ.[2]
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