Where does conjunction collide?

Named among the parts of speech by the Greek grammarian Dionysius Thrax (Téchnē grammatiké, ca. 100 BCE), a conjunction is a function word that joins other words, phrases, or clauses, such as and, but, or because. Huddleston and Pullum's Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002) sorts these joiners into coordinators, which link items of equal standing, and subordinators, which attach one clause to another. The referent is a class of linking word in a grammar, identified by how it connects units of a sentence, and it is not an alignment of stars, a truth-functional operator, or a mistake in reasoning about probability.[1][2]

Unit

One function word joining words, phrases, or clauses, classed as coordinating or subordinating

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Identified by its syntactic role in a sentence and grouped as a coordinator or a subordinator

Given an algebraic form by George Boole's An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854) and set within a full logical system by Frege's Begriffsschrift (1879), conjunction is the connective that joins two statements into one that holds only when both of them hold, written and or with a symbol such as the wedge. Its whole behavior is fixed by a truth table: the compound is true in the single case where both parts are true, and false otherwise. The referent is an operation on truth values, defined by that rule alone, and it is distinct from a linking word in grammar, a meeting of bodies in the sky, or a habit of overrating combined events.[3][4]

Unit

One binary operation on two truth values, true only when both are true

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Given by a truth table, true only in the row where both inputs are true

Identified by Tversky and Kahneman (1983) in Extensional versus intuitive reasoning, the conjunction fallacy is the tendency to judge a combination of two events as more probable than one of those events on its own, which the rules of probability never allow. In their well-known example, readers rated it more likely that a described woman was a bank teller and active in a feminist movement than that she was simply a bank teller. The referent is a measured error in how people reason about joint events, studied through probability ratings, and it differs from a joining word in grammar, a connective in formal logic, or an alignment of bodies in the sky.[5]

Unit

One judgment that a combined event is more probable than one of its own parts

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Detected when a rated probability of two events together exceeds the rated probability of one of them alone