Where does consideration collide?

The bargained-for exchange of value that a promisee gives in return for a promise, and the element that separates an enforceable contract from a bare gift. Under the Restatement (Second) of Contracts a performance or return promise is consideration only if it is sought by the promisor in exchange for the promise and given by the promisee in exchange for that promise, and it may consist of an act, a forbearance, or the creation of a legal relation. In Hamer v. Sidway the New York Court of Appeals held that a nephew's giving up his legal right to drink and smoke, at his uncle's request, was consideration enough to make the uncle's promise binding, whether or not the uncle gained. The referent is a legal requirement for enforceability, not a leader's behavior or a reason to be weighed.[1][2]

Unit

The value bargained for and given in exchange for a promise

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Tested doctrinally by asking whether something was sought by the promisor and given by the promisee in exchange, as a bargain rather than a gift

One of the two behavioral dimensions identified by the Ohio State leadership studies: the degree to which a leader shows warmth, trust, respect, and concern for followers' welfare, contrasted with initiating structure, which is task and role organization. Fleishman's factor analysis of the supervisory behavior descriptions isolated consideration as a distinct, relationship-oriented pattern of leading, later measured by the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire. Judge, Piccolo, and Ilies's meta-analysis found consideration reliably related to follower satisfaction, motivation, and leader effectiveness. The referent is a measured style of interpersonal leadership, not a price paid for a promise or a reason bearing on a choice.[3][4]

Unit

A leader's relationship-oriented, supportive behavior, as rated by followers

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Scored from follower ratings on instruments such as the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire and related consideration scales

A normative reason: a fact or feature of a situation that counts in favor of, or against, acting in some way, and that must be weighed against competing reasons. On Scanlon's influential account in What We Owe to Each Other, a reason just is a consideration that counts in favor of something, so deliberation is a matter of assessing which considerations bear on a choice and how they weigh. Such reasons are typically pro tanto: each counts to some degree without settling the matter on its own, and the right action is the one favored by the balance of considerations. The referent is a reason in practical deliberation, not a contractual exchange or a leader's supportive conduct.[5]

Unit

A reason counting for or against an action, weighed against others

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Assessed by philosophical reflection on what counts in favor of an action and how such reasons weigh against one another