Construct · 4 fields · 9 citations
One name. Different field. Different construct. One map.
● jingle · one word, four constructs Nearest construct by meaningnational culturecompare the meaningsEvery construct on the map is compared with every other by the meaning of its definitions, and the closest one is surfaced here. The nearest construct to culture is national culture.
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"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society", Tylor's 1871 definition, which Kroeber and Kluckhohn found had fragmented into more than 160 by 1952. Geertz narrowed it to a semiotic concept: culture is the webs of significance people have spun, and its study is interpretation, not law-seeking. The unit is a people, the method is ethnography, and the output is a description that has no score.[1][2][3]
"The collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group from another", and, in practice, a set of numbers: Hofstede's dimensions (power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, later long-term orientation and indulgence) place each country at a point in a low-dimensional space, derived originally from IBM employee surveys. Markus and Kitayama moved the construct inside the person, as independent versus interdependent construals of the self. Either way, culture becomes a variable that can predict.[4][5]
The pattern of shared basic assumptions a group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, Schein's three levels: visible artifacts, espoused values, and the underlying assumptions that are taken for granted. Survey instruments such as the Organizational Culture Profile operationalize it as a profile of values a firm is perceived to hold, which can be compared to a person's own to yield fit.[6][7]
Not values that set the ends of action but a repertoire (a "tool kit" of habits, skills, and styles) from which people construct strategies of action. Swidler's move was to deny that culture works by supplying goals; it supplies means, and the same toolkit yields different lives. Williams, from the cultural-studies side, traced the word's drift from cultivation of crops to cultivation of minds to a whole way of life, and called it one of the two or three most complicated words in English.[8][9]
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