Construct · 6 fields · 13 citations
One name. Different field. Different construct. One map.
● jingle · one name, six constructs Nearest construct by meaningresource dependencecompare the meaningsEvery construct on the map is compared with every other by the meaning of its definitions, and the closest one is surfaced here. The nearest construct to power is resource dependence.
Hold this as a prompt, not a verdict. Two constructs sitting close in meaning is a reason to read them side by side and decide for yourself whether they are one idea under two names. It is not proof that they are. Compare the meanings in the Collider.
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A has power over B to the extent that A can get B to do something B would not otherwise do. Dahl fixed this relational, behavioral reading in 1957, and it is the baseline every later account argues with. Bachrach and Baratz added a second face (keeping issues off the agenda) and Lukes a third, shaping what people want in the first place; Weber's earlier Macht, the chance to carry out one's will despite resistance, sits behind all three. Foucault broke from the whole line by treating power as productive and dispersed rather than something one party holds over another.[1][2][3][4][5]
The power of A over B equals the dependence of B on A, how much B values what A controls and how few alternative sources B has. Emerson turned Dahl's relation into an exchange variable that can be balanced, unbalanced, and traded on, and Pfeffer carried it into organizations: departments and people are powerful when they control scarce, critical resources and cannot be substituted. This is power you can locate on an org chart and in a budget, not in a head.[6][7]
French and Raven asked where the capacity to influence comes from and named five bases: reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, and expert. Keltner, Gruenfeld, and Anderson moved the construct inside the person: elevated power activates approach tendencies (action, positive affect, reduced attention to others) and low power activates inhibition. The second tradition studies what having or merely feeling powerful does to cognition and behavior, and it manipulates power in the lab with role assignments and recall tasks.[8][9]
The probability that a test rejects the null hypothesis when a specified alternative is true, one minus the Type II error rate. Cohen made it a routine design quantity, showed that it depends on effect size, sample size, and the significance criterion, and proposed 0.80 as a working convention. Power belongs to a test under a hypothesized effect, not to a study's data; it is a property of the plan, fixed before anything is observed.[10][11]
A power is the result of raising a base to an exponent, and a power law is a relationship in which one quantity varies as a fixed power of another, so that a log–log plot is a straight line. Clauset, Shalizi, and Newman fixed the modern standard for claiming one in data: fit the exponent by maximum likelihood, estimate the lower cutoff, and test the fit against alternatives such as the lognormal. The word here describes a functional form and has nothing to do with capacity, influence, or detection.[12]
The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, energy per unit time, measured in watts. Introductory mechanics defines instantaneous power as the time derivative of work and, for a force acting on a moving body, as force times velocity. It is a scalar with a unit and an instrument, which no other meaning on this page can claim; a motor, a lamp, and a person climbing stairs all have a power, measured in watts.[13]
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