Construct · 5 fields · 6 citations
One name. Different field. Different construct. One map.
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An assignment that pairs each element of one set with exactly one element of another set, also called a mapping or a function. Richard Dedekind's 1888 Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen? made this pairing, which he called Abbildung, a primitive building block for the foundations of arithmetic, and the words map and mapping later became standard across topology and algebra for such an assignment. The referent is an abstract rule linking inputs to outputs, fixed only by which element goes to which, with nothing scaled, spatial, or physical about it, unlike a drawing of the earth, an ordering of genes, or a mental picture of a place.[1]
An ordered arrangement of genes along a chromosome, spaced by how often the versions they carry are inherited together. Alfred Sturtevant's 1913 The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila built the first such map by turning recombination frequencies into distances, showing that the genes fall in a fixed linear order. The referent is a diagram of loci and the genetic distances between them, measured in units of recombination, and it is distinct from a scaled drawing of terrain, an abstract input-output rule, or a representation held in memory.[2]
An internal representation of the spatial layout of an environment, built from experience and used to navigate and plan routes. Edward Tolman's 1948 Cognitive maps in rats and men proposed that animals learning a maze form a map-like model of the space rather than a chain of stimulus and response habits, and O'Keefe and Nadel's 1978 The hippocampus as a cognitive map later tied this representation to specific brain circuitry. The referent is a hypothesized structure in the mind or brain, inferred from behavior, and it is neither a physical drawing of the earth, an abstract pairing of sets, nor an ordering of genes.[3][4]
Cortical mapping charts the correspondence between locations on the surface of the brain and the body parts or functions they serve: a somatotopic map lays the body out across the sensory and motor cortex, so that adjacent regions of skin project to adjacent regions of cortex, distorted in proportion to how densely each part is innervated. Penfield and Boldrey's 1937 study electrically stimulated the exposed cortex of conscious patients to plot motor and sensory representation, yielding the figure later drawn as the homunculus. The referent is an orderly spatial correspondence between brain tissue and the body, measured in the living cortex, not a mathematical function, a map of genes, or a diagram of concepts.[5]
Concept mapping is a technique for representing knowledge as a diagram of concepts connected by labelled links, so that the relationships between ideas are made explicit as propositions. Novak's 1990 account presents the concept map as a metacognitive tool, grounded in Ausubel's theory of meaningful learning, in which concepts are arranged hierarchically and joined by linking words to form statements. The referent is a deliberately drawn diagram of ideas and their relations, built by a learner or an expert to express understanding, not a function between sets, a map of genes, or a map of the cortex.[6]
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