Where does agreement collide?

In law an agreement is the mutual assent of two or more parties to the same terms, the meeting of minds that, together with consideration, forms a binding contract. William Blackstone's 1766 Commentaries on the Laws of England treated an agreement as a mutual bargain by which parties bind themselves, and Corbin's 1952 Corbin on Contracts refined it into the modern doctrine of offer, acceptance, and assent to the same bargain. The referent is a legal relation between persons who have agreed to be bound, judged by what they outwardly manifested. It is not a rule linking words in a phrase, a rule of causal inference, or a number describing how far two raters concur.[7][1][2]

Unit

One contract formed by parties assenting to the same terms

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Assessed by courts from the parties' outward words and conduct, offer and acceptance, against an objective standard of assent

In logic and the philosophy of science, the Method of Agreement is a rule for finding a cause: if two or more instances of a phenomenon share only one circumstance in common, that shared circumstance is the cause or effect of the phenomenon. John Stuart Mill's 1843 A System of Logic set it out as the first of his eliminative methods of experimental inquiry, reasoning that whatever can be dropped while the result still appears cannot be its cause. The referent is a pattern of inference across cases, where the instances agree in a single factor. It is not two parties consenting to terms, a matching of grammatical forms, or a coefficient of concordance between judges.[3]

Unit

One causal inference drawn across a set of compared instances

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Applied by comparing instances and eliminating any circumstance that can vary while the phenomenon persists

In grammar, agreement, also called concord, is the systematic covariation by which one word takes a form matching a feature of another, as a verb marks the person and number of its subject, or an adjective the gender and number of its noun. Leonard Bloomfield's 1933 Language described this congruence between related words in a sentence, and Greville Corbett's 2006 Agreement gave the modern typological account of its controllers, targets, features, and domains. The referent is a formal dependency inside the structure of a phrase or clause. It is not a contract between people, a method for locating causes, or a measure of how far two coders concur.[4][5]

Unit

One covariation between a controlling word and a target word's form

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Identified by observing which grammatical features of one word are copied onto another across the language's forms

In statistics, inter-rater agreement is the extent to which independent raters assign the same category to the same items, corrected for the concordance expected by chance alone. Jacob Cohen's 1960 A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales introduced kappa, which subtracts chance concordance from observed concordance and scales the remainder so that 1 is perfect and 0 is chance-level. The referent is a computed number summarising how far two or more judges concur on a set of ratings. It is not consent to a contract, a rule of causal inference, or the matching of grammatical forms within a sentence.[6]

Unit

A single coefficient on a scale from below zero to one

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Computed as observed concordance minus chance concordance, divided by one minus chance concordance