Where does dislocation collide?

The displacement of the bones that form a joint out of their normal alignment, so the articulating surfaces no longer meet: a shoulder, hip, or finger driven out of position by force. Hippocrates described the recognition and reduction of such injuries around 400 B.C.E. in On the articulations, cataloguing how each joint fails and how it is put back. The referent is a physical injury to a living joint, judged by whether the bone ends sit where they should, and it has nothing to do with a defect in a crystal, a phrase moved to the edge of a clause, or a breakdown in asset prices.[1]

Unit

One joint whose bone ends have left their normal contact

Recovery means

Reduced by manipulation or surgery that returns the bone ends to position, then held still while the soft tissue heals

Measured by

Diagnosed by examination and imaging (X-ray, CT) showing the joint surfaces out of contact, and graded by direction and completeness

A line defect in a crystal lattice, a boundary within the ordered array of atoms where an extra half-plane of atoms ends or the lattice is sheared, whose movement lets a crystal deform plastically at far lower stress than a perfect lattice would need. Taylor introduced it in 1934 in The mechanism of plastic deformation of crystals, and Orowan and Polanyi proposed the same idea independently the same year, explaining why real metals bend so easily. The referent is an atomic-scale fault line inside a solid, counted per unit of volume and traced by its motion, not bones out of a joint, a phrase shifted in a sentence, or a jump in financial prices.[2][3][4]

Unit

One line defect threading a crystal lattice, its strength set by the Burgers vector

Recovery means

Removed by annealing, which lets dislocations climb, meet, and cancel so the crystal recovers order

Measured by

Counted as dislocation density (line length per unit volume) and imaged directly by transmission electron microscopy

A construction in which a phrase is set outside the main clause, at its left or right edge, and a pronoun inside the clause stands in for it, as in My brother, he lives in Chicago. Ross named it left dislocation in his 1967 dissertation Constraints on Variables in Syntax, marking it off from topicalisation by the resumptive pronoun it leaves behind. The referent is a syntactic arrangement of words in a sentence, described by structure and intonation, and it shares only its spelling with a dislocated joint, a crystal defect, or a disrupted market.[5]

Unit

One clause with a constituent placed at its periphery and a resumptive pronoun inside

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Identified in syntactic analysis by the peripheral phrase, the co-referring pronoun, and a prosodic break

A state in which asset prices across markets drift away from their fundamental values at the same time, as the arbitrage that would normally keep prices aligned breaks down under strain. Pasquariello measured it in 2014 in Financial market dislocations, building a single index from the size of pricing violations across stocks, currencies, and bonds. The referent is a condition of a financial market, scaled by how far prices depart from where models say they should sit, and it is unrelated to a joint pushed out of place, a defect in a crystal, or a phrase moved in a sentence.[6]

Unit

One market-wide episode, scaled by the size of price deviations from fundamentals

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Tracked by Pasquariello's dislocation index, pooling the magnitude of arbitrage-parity violations across asset classes