Construct · 6 fields · 8 citations
One name. Different field. Different construct. One map.
● jingle · one name, six constructs Nearest construct by meaningstraincompare the meaningsEvery construct on the map is compared with every other by the meaning of its definitions, and the closest one is surfaced here. The nearest construct to stress is strain.
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Internal force per unit area acting across a surface inside a body, a tensor, with normal and shear components, measured in pascals. Stress is the cause; strain, the deformation, is the effect. This is the technical meaning most of the others borrowed, usually without the distinction between the load and the deformation it produces.[1]
The body's nonspecific response to any demand, Selye's general adaptation syndrome (alarm, resistance, exhaustion), later located in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. In this meaning stress is what the organism does, not what happens to it; the thing that happens to it is a stressor. McEwen's allostatic load extends the idea to the cumulative wear of a response that is switched on too often or not switched off.[2][3]
A relationship between person and environment that the person appraises as taxing or exceeding their resources and endangering their well-being. Lazarus and Folkman put stress in neither the stimulus nor the response but in the appraisal between them, which is why the same event is a stress for one person and not for another. The Perceived Stress Scale is the standard instrument, and it measures exactly this: the degree to which situations in the last month were appraised as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloading.[4][5]
A countable exposure: the number and weight of life changes a person has been through in a window of time. Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale assigns each event a value in life-change units (death of a spouse 100, marriage 50, a vacation 13) and the sum predicts illness. Here stress is entirely in the stimulus; how it was appraised does not enter the score.[6]
Any environmental condition (drought, salinity, heat, cold, pathogen, herbivore) that deviates from the optimum and reduces growth or reproduction. Lichtenthaler's stress concept in plants distinguishes eu-stress (activating, within tolerance) from dis-stress (damaging), and stages of response, restitution, and end (damage or acclimation). The unit is the plant or the crop, the stressor is external, and the outcome is yield.[7]
The relative prominence of one syllable over its neighbours, realized through pitch, duration, and loudness, and assigned by rule. Chomsky and Halle's The Sound Pattern of English treats stress as the output of a cyclic rule system operating on word structure. Nothing here is a load or a response; the word arrived from the meaning of "emphasis" and never touched the others.[8]
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