Construct · 3 fields · 3 citations
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In airline economics, the load factor is the ratio of traffic carried to capacity offered, passenger-kilometres flown divided by available seat-kilometres (or, more simply, the share of seats sold), a central measure of how fully an airline is using its aircraft and a driver of profitability. Doganis's Flying Off Course: Airline Economics and Marketing treats load factor and the break-even load factor at length. The referent is a capacity-utilisation ratio for a transport operator, expressed as a percentage, and it is a different construct from an electrical system's demand ratio or a structural safety multiplier.[1]
In electric power systems, the load factor is the ratio of the average load to the peak (maximum) load over a period, a measure of how evenly demand is spread: a high load factor means capacity is used steadily, a low one means expensive capacity sits idle between peaks. Gönen's Electric Power Distribution Engineering defines and uses it in distribution planning. The referent is a demand-smoothness ratio for a power system, dimensionless, distinct from seat occupancy or a design safety multiplier.[2]
In structural engineering, a load factor is a number greater than one applied to the expected (service) loads to obtain the larger design loads a structure must resist, deliberately building in a margin for uncertainty in loading, the heart of load-and-resistance-factor design (LRFD). Segui's Steel Design sets out these factored load combinations. Here load factor is not a utilisation ratio at all but a safety amplifier on demand, dimensionless, which makes it a genuinely different construct from the airline or electrical meanings that share its name.[3]
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