Construct · 4 names · 6 citations
Different names. Different fields. One construct. One map.
● jangle · one early-internationalizing firm, many names Nearest construct by meaningentrepreneurial orientationcompare the meaningsEvery construct on the map is compared with every other by the meaning of its definitions, and the closest one is surfaced here. The nearest construct to born global is entrepreneurial orientation.
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A firm that begins exporting and selling abroad at or very near its founding, rather than building a home base first and expanding overseas only after years of domestic growth. The label comes from Rennie's 1993 McKinsey Quarterly report Born global, which found Australian manufacturers that were competing internationally within two years of starting; Knight and Cavusgil's 2004 study in the Journal of International Business Studies then gave it a theory, tying early global reach to a young firm's innovative culture and marketing capabilities. Of the names on this page this is the practitioner-born, marketing-facing one, usually pinned to a share-of-foreign-sales threshold reached soon after birth, in contrast to the venture-theory framing that defines the same firm by where its resources sit.[1][2]
A business that, from inception, seeks competitive advantage by using resources and selling outputs in more than one country. Oviatt and McDougall's 1994 Toward a theory of international new ventures in the Journal of International Business Studies is the label that gave the phenomenon its theory, explaining early internationalization through the control of assets, the location of activities across borders, and the internalisation of some transactions rather than others. This is the same firm the marketing literature calls born global, but the definition turns on the geography of resources and value chain from day one, not on a sales threshold, so a venture can qualify here on where it produces and sources even before its foreign revenue is large.[3]
The most extreme type of the same phenomenon: a new firm that coordinates many activities, sourcing, production, financing, and selling, across many countries at once, rather than concentrating them at home. Oviatt and McDougall's 1995 Global start-ups: Entrepreneurs on a worldwide stage in Academy of Management Perspectives set this vivid, practitioner-facing name against the narrower cases in their own typology, where a young firm might internationalize only its selling or only a few functions. Popular writing has also called such firms instant internationals. On this page the label marks the far end of the range: the born-global and new-venture names cover any firm that goes abroad early, while global start-up is reserved for one that is globally dispersed on many fronts at birth.[4]
The umbrella research field that grew up around all of these firms, where early internationalization is studied as one strand of a broader domain. McDougall and Oviatt's 2000 International entrepreneurship: The intersection of two research paths in the Academy of Management Journal defined that domain as the combination of innovative, proactive, risk-seeking behaviour and cross-border activity, folding born globals and international new ventures into a single agenda; Autio, Sapienza, and Almeida's 2000 study of age at entry gave it the learning-advantages-of-newness argument for why young firms internationalize faster. Unlike the other names, which each pick out a kind of firm, this label names the scholarly field and its theory, so it can be true of a study without pointing at any one company.[5][6]
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