Construct · 5 fields · 7 citations
One name. Different field. Different construct. One map.
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The sense of being there in a computer-generated environment, felt as though the mediated place were the participant's actual surroundings. Slater and Wilbur framed presence in 1997 as the subjective response to immersion: immersion is what the display objectively delivers, and presence is the state in which a participant behaves and reports as if located in the virtual world rather than in the physical laboratory. Witmer and Singer built the Presence Questionnaire in 1998 to score it, tying presence to involvement and to the sensory and control features of the system. What this construct is about is a place. The participant's apparent location has shifted, and any other people in the scene are incidental to the effect.[1][2]
The perceptual illusion of nonmediation: the extent to which a person fails to perceive or acknowledge the medium and responds as though it were not there. Lombard and Ditton reviewed the field in 1997 and argued that the many things called presence, among them transportation, realism, immersion, social richness, and the sense of a medium as a social actor, share this single core. On their account presence is not one experience but a family of illusions, unified by what they lack, namely awareness of the technology delivering them. The referent is the medium and the viewer's inattention to it, which is why a photograph, a telephone call, and a head-mounted display can all be discussed under one heading.[3]
The feeling of being present at a remote physical worksite while operating machinery from a distance. Minsky coined telepresence in a 1980 article in Omni, describing an instrumented glove and remote manipulators that would give an operator the sensations of the tools and the sense of being at the far end of the link. His concern was engineering and labour: feedback of high enough fidelity that a person could work in a reactor or on the sea floor without going there. This is the oldest of the four meanings and the most literal, a bodily displacement to a real elsewhere, and it seeded the vocabulary that virtual reality later borrowed for wholly synthetic places.[6]
In rhetoric, presence refers to the vividness an arguer gives chosen elements so that they hold the audience's attention. This meaning comes from Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1958/1969) in The new rhetoric.[7]
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Social presence
the degree to which a medium conveys the salience of another person and of the interpersonal relationship.The degree to which a medium conveys the salience of another person and of the interpersonal relationship, so that a communicator feels in the company of others rather than alone. Short, Williams, and Christie proposed it in 1976 to explain why the telephone and text carry less warmth than talk in person: they treated social presence as a quality of the medium, ranked by how much nonverbal and relational information it transmits. Later work moved the construct into the person. Garrison, Anderson, and Archer, in their community of inquiry framework, redefined social presence as the ability of learners to project themselves as real people in an online course. Either way the construct is about being with another mind, not about being in a place.[4][5]
Scales indexed for this construct