Where does uplift collide?

The small, pleasant experiences of ordinary life that a person finds satisfying or restorative, such as a good night's sleep, a compliment, or a shared meal. Kanner, Coyne, Schaefer, and Lazarus's 1981 Comparison of two modes of stress measurement introduced uplifts as the positive counterpart to daily hassles, and argued that the running tally of these little events predicts well-being better than a list of major life changes does. The referent is a felt positive moment reported by a person, not the physical raising of ground, a program of group advancement, or a number produced by a model.[1]

Unit

One reported positive daily event, tallied over a set period

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Recorded on the Hassles and Uplifts Scale, where respondents check and rate the small positive events they experienced

The upward movement of the land surface or of rock masses relative to a fixed reference such as sea level or the geoid, driven by tectonic force, unloading, or the deep buoyancy of the crust. England and Molnar's 1990 Surface uplift, uplift of rocks, and exhumation of rocks separated three things the word had been used to mean: the rise of the average surface, the rise of rock particles, and the removal of overlying rock, and showed that mixing them leads to error. The referent is a physical change in elevation over geological time, not a good day reported by a person, an ideology of advancement, or a modeled difference in outcomes.[2]

Unit

A change in elevation over time, in millimeters or meters per year

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Estimated from dated shorelines and marine terraces, geodetic surveys, and thermochronology that tracks rock cooling during exhumation

A belief and program, current among Black American reformers from the late nineteenth century onward, that a people could raise its standing through education, self-help, respectability, and institution building. Gaines's 1996 Uplifting the Race examined how this idea of racial uplift both mobilized Black leadership and, in some hands, hardened into class distinction and a politics of respectability. The referent is a social and moral ideal held by a community, traced in speech and practice, not a physical rise of ground, a private good moment, or a statistical quantity.[3]

Unit

A shared ethic of group advancement, not a measured quantity

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Traced by historians through the writings, speeches, schools, and civic organizations of Black reformers

The change in an outcome that a treatment causes for a particular person or case: the probability of the outcome if treated minus its probability if left untreated, which cannot both be observed for the same unit. Radcliffe and Surry named this quantity uplift and built tree methods to predict it, and Rzepakowski and Jaroszewicz's 2012 Decision trees for uplift modeling with single and multiple treatments formalized splitting rules that target the difference between treated and control groups directly. The referent is an estimated causal difference for a modeled unit, not a rise of the crust, a good day, or a movement for group advancement.[4][5]

Unit

A per-unit difference in predicted outcome between treatment and no treatment

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Estimated from randomized treatment and control data using uplift trees or paired outcome models