Where does leakage collide?

In macroeconomics, leakage is income that leaves the circular flow of spending instead of being passed on as demand for domestic output: the shares of a household's income that go to saving, taxes, or imported goods do not return to home producers as purchases. Kahn's 1931 The relation of home investment to unemployment introduced the employment multiplier and showed that its size depends on these leakages, the fractions of each round of new income that drain away rather than being re-spent. Keynes's 1936 The general theory of employment, interest and money placed the idea at the centre of aggregate demand, where planned saving and other withdrawals must balance injections such as investment. Here the referent is a flow of money out of a national spending loop, counted in currency per period, not a feeling that escapes a person's control or energy that spreads across frequency bands.[1][2]

Unit

A quantity of income diverted from domestic spending, in currency per period

Recovery means

Offset by injections such as investment, government spending, and exports that return money to the flow

Measured by

Estimated from national accounts as the marginal propensities to save, tax, and import out of income

In the study of deception, nonverbal leakage is the involuntary escape of a concealed emotion through behavior the person is not fully controlling, such as a fleeting facial expression, a shift in the voice, or a movement of the hands or feet. Ekman and Friesen's 1969 Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception coined the term and argued that when someone tries to hide a feeling, cues to it still surface in channels that are harder to monitor than the words being spoken. The referent is a person's hidden affect betraying itself in observable conduct, judged by coding what the body does, and it has nothing to do with money draining from an economy or power spreading across a spectrum.[3]

Unit

A single involuntary behavioral cue that reveals a concealed feeling

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Detected by coding facial actions, vocal changes, and body movements against the emotion being concealed

In signal processing, spectral leakage is the spreading of a signal's power away from its true frequency into neighboring frequency bands when only a finite stretch of the signal is analyzed. Because any real recording is cut to a limited length, the abrupt truncation acts as though the signal were multiplied by a rectangular window, and the resulting estimate smears power that belonged to one frequency across many. Harris's 1978 On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete Fourier transform is the standard reference cataloguing the window functions used to shape and reduce this effect. The referent is a distortion of a measured frequency spectrum caused by finite observation, quantified in the frequency domain, and it is unrelated to income leaving an economy or feelings escaping a person's guard.[4]

Unit

The fraction of a component's power that appears outside its true frequency band

Recovery means

Reduced by tapering the record with a window function before the transform

Measured by

Assessed from the discrete Fourier transform by the sidelobe levels and main-lobe width of the chosen window