Construct · 4 fields · 4 citations
One name. Different field. Different construct. One map.
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A government-imposed ceiling on the physical amount of a good that may be imported over a set period, one of the main non-tariff barriers to trade: unlike a tariff, which raises the price of imports and lets the quantity adjust, a quota fixes the quantity directly and lets the price adjust. Bhagwati's 1965 On the equivalence of tariffs and quotas showed that a quota and a tariff can look alike under textbook competition but diverge once market power, growth, or uncertainty enter, and it traced the welfare cost a binding quota imposes by restricting supply and handing scarcity profits to whoever holds the import licences. The referent here is a legal cap on trade volume, counted in tonnes or units per year, not a reserved share of political positions, a threshold of votes, or a rule for filling a survey sample.[1]
A rule that reserves a fixed number or proportion of positions, such as seats in a legislature or places on a party's candidate list, for members of a named group, applied most widely to the share of women or of under-represented ethnic or regional groups in elected bodies. Dahlerup and Freidenvall's 2005 Quotas as a 'fast track' to equal representation for women examined how such measures spread as a deliberate way to change the composition of representation quickly rather than through gradual change, and catalogued their legal forms, from reserved seats to legislated candidate shares. The referent is a policy set-aside of positions for a group, expressed as a count or percentage of seats or candidacies, and it is distinct from a cap on imported goods, a vote threshold in a counting rule, or a target filled while sampling opinion.[2]
The number of votes a candidate must reach to be guaranteed a seat under a proportional or single-transferable-vote count: it is a threshold computed from the total valid votes and the number of seats, set so that only as many candidates as there are seats can each reach it. Droop's 1881 On methods of electing representatives derived the value now called the Droop quota, the votes divided by one more than the number of seats, plus one, which improved on the older Hare quota by keeping a majority of voters from being denied a majority of seats. The referent is a counting threshold, a number of votes per seat produced by a formula, not a reserved share of positions, a cap on imports, or a subgroup target in a sample.[3]
A non-probability way of building a survey sample in which interviewers are told how many people to interview in each category, by age, sex, region, or class, so the finished sample matches the known composition of the population on those traits. Moser's 1952 Quota sampling set out the method and its weaknesses, chiefly that interviewers choose whom to approach within each category, so the selection is not random and the usual formulas for sampling error do not strictly apply. The referent is a rule for filling subgroup counts while gathering data, judged by how well the sample mirrors the population, and it has nothing to do with a limit on imports, a set-aside of political positions, or a vote threshold in a count.[4]
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