Where does responsiveness collide?

The property of a document that brings it within the scope of a discovery request and so obliges the responding party to produce it unless a privilege or objection applies. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34(b)(2)(B) and (C) require the response to state that production will be made or to object with specificity and say whether anything is being withheld, and Rule 26(g) makes the signing lawyer certify that the response was formed after a reasonable inquiry. In document review, responsiveness is the first and largest coding decision: a reviewer or a classifier tags each document as responsive or not before anyone asks about privilege, and Grossman and Cormack's 2013 glossary fixed the vocabulary for doing so by machine. Responsiveness here is a relation between a document and the wording of a request, decided by a party under a certification duty, and it is broader than admissibility and narrower than relevance to the case.[1][2][3]

Unit

A document in relation to a request for production

Recovery means

Production of the document, or a privilege log entry explaining why it is withheld

Measured by

Reviewer or classifier coding; sampling of the coded set; a court's ruling on a motion to compel

The tendency of a parent to notice a child's signals, interpret them correctly, and respond promptly and appropriately. Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall reported in 1978 that maternal sensitivity to infant signals in the first year, observed at home, predicted secure attachment in the Strange Situation at twelve months, and the sensitivity scale they used is the ancestor of every responsiveness rating since. Landry, Smith, and Swank showed in 2006 with a randomised trial that responsiveness can be taught: mothers coached to respond contingently had children with faster gains in social, communication, and problem-solving skills. Responsiveness here is an observed property of one adult's behaviour toward one child, rated from interaction, and its criterion is the child's later development.[4][5]

Unit

A caregiver's behaviour toward a child during observed interaction

Recovery means

Not applicable, the criterion is the child's attachment security and later competence

Measured by

Observer ratings of sensitivity and contingent responding from home or laboratory interaction

The degree to which what government does tracks what citizens want. Stimson, MacKuen, and Erikson modelled it in 1995 as dynamic representation: when the public mood moves, elected officials move with it, partly by anticipating the next election and partly by being replaced, and the authors found the effect across all three branches. Gilens and Page tested in 2014 whose preferences policy follows and found that, once the preferences of economic elites and organised interests are held constant, the preferences of average citizens have little independent effect. Responsiveness here is a statistical relation between aggregate opinion and aggregate policy over time, and the argument is about whose opinion counts.[6][7]

Unit

A polity's policy output against its public's preferences over time

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Time-series association between opinion measures and policy change; policy adoption against preference by income group

Two meanings share the field. The older is response time: Shneiderman's 1984 review of the experimental literature found that users prefer faster responses, that error rates rise as delays grow, and that expectations depend on task, and Nielsen's 1993 text distilled the thresholds still quoted, a tenth of a second feels instantaneous, a second keeps the flow of thought, ten seconds loses attention. The younger is Marcotte's responsive web design of 2010: a fluid grid, flexible images, and media queries that let one page adapt its layout to any viewport rather than serving separate sites to phones and desktops. Responsiveness here is a property of an artefact, measured either in milliseconds or in whether the layout holds at each breakpoint, and no person's disposition is involved.[8][9][10]

Unit

A system's reaction to an input, or a page's layout across viewports

Recovery means

Not applicable

Measured by

Latency distributions and task performance at each delay; layout behaviour at each breakpoint

The extent to which a health system meets people's legitimate non-medical expectations of how they will be treated. The World Health Report 2000 made it one of three intrinsic goals of a health system, beside health itself and fairness of financing, and defined it to exclude health outcomes so that it could be measured separately. Valentine, de Silva, Kowal, and colleagues operationalised it in 2003 into eight domains (dignity, autonomy, confidentiality, prompt attention, quality of basic amenities, access to social support, choice of provider, and clear communication) and built the household survey modules used in the World Health Survey. Responsiveness here is a population's rated experience of a system, distinct from satisfaction because it asks about what happened rather than how the respondent felt about it.[11][12]

Unit

A population's experience of a health system

Recovery means

Not applicable, the criterion is the level and distribution of reported experience

Measured by

Household survey ratings on the eight domains, with anchoring vignettes for comparability

Two constructs, at two levels. At the encounter, Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry's 1988 SERVQUAL instrument made responsiveness one of five dimensions of perceived service quality: the willingness of staff to help customers and to provide prompt service, measured as the gap between what a customer expects and what the customer perceives. At the firm, Kohli and Jaworski's 1990 definition of market orientation has three components (the generation of market intelligence, its dissemination across departments, and organisation-wide responsiveness to it) so that responsiveness is the firm's action on what it has learned about customers and competitors. The first is a customer's rating of front-line behaviour; the second is a manager's report of organisational action. Responsiveness here is a graded perception with commercial consequences, and the unit is a customer or a firm rather than a document or a child.[13][14]

Unit

A service encounter as a customer rates it, or a firm as its managers describe it

Recovery means

Service recovery: the correction of a failure that closes the expectation gap

Measured by

SERVQUAL responsiveness items as expectation–perception gaps; MARKOR responsiveness items